Cite sound and video in Chicago
Learn how to cite sound and video sources in Chicago Note 18 style. Follow correct formats for podcasts, YouTube, music, films and more to reference sources accurately in your writing.
Footnotes
- Include the audiobook’s author and narrator.
- If a specific location is needed, a time stamp may be added to the note.
- For subsequent notes include author last name, shortened title, and time stamp if required.
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name Last Name, Audiobook Title, narrated by First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), at Time Stamp. |
| Full note | 1 Matt Cain, The Secret Life of Albert Entwistle, narrated by Simon Vance (Recorded Books, 2022), at 3 hr., 14 min. |
| Subsequent note | 5 Cain, The Secret Life of Albert Entwistle, at 4 hr., 34 min. |
Bibliography
Include the duration of the book.
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name. Audiobook Title. Narrated by Narrator. Publisher, Year. Duration. |
| Bibliography entry |
Cain, Matt. The Secret Life of Albert Entwistle. Narrated by Simon Vance. Recorded Books, 2022. 19 hr., 4 min. |
Footnotes
- Include the format for physical media such as DVDs. Include a URL for online media, or include the name of a platform where the video is only accessible through a Library login (e.g. Kanopy).
- Omit the year of release if it is the same as the year of publication.
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # Movie Title, directed by Director (Year of release; Publisher, Year of Publication), Format/URL/Platform. |
| Full note |
1 West Side Story, directed by Stephen Spielberg (20th Century Studios, 2021), https://www.disneyplus.com/en-au/browse/entity-3653534b-9ee2-4eb1-b571-77c6ec1d5695. 2 Gravity, directed by Alfonso Cuarón (2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014), Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD. |
| Subsequent note |
5 Spielberg. West Side Story. 6 Cuarón, Gravity. |
Bibliography
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name, dir. Movie Title. Year of Release; Publisher, Year of Publication. Format/URL/Platform. |
| Bibliography entry |
Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. Gravity. 2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD. Spielberg, Stephen, dir. West Side Story. 20th Century Studios, 2021. https://www.disneyplus.com/en-au/browse/entity-3653534b-9ee2-4eb1-b571-77c6ec1d5695. |
Footnotes
Music on streaming service
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # “Song Title,” other relevant information, format or name of streaming service, track number on First Name Last Name, Album Name, Publisher, Year. |
| Full note | 1 “Umbrella,” featuring Jay-Z, Spotify, track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad, Island Def Jam, 2007. |
| Subsequent note | 6 Rihanna, “Umbrella.” |
Music on CD
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name Last Name, Album Name, other relevant information, Publisher, catalogue number, Year, format. |
| Full note | 1 Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc. |
| Subsequent note | 4 Strauss, Don Quixote. |
Online music video
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name, Last Name, “Song Title,” Platform, posted Month Day, Year, URL. |
| Full note | 3 Sheppard, “Geronimo,” YouTube music video, posted August 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw. |
| Subsequent note | 6 Sheppard, “Geronimo.” |
Bibliography
Music on streaming service
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name, role. “Song Title.” Other relevant information. Format or Streaming service. Track number on Composer/Performer Full Name, Album Name. Publisher, Year. |
| Bibliography entry |
Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam, 2007. |
Album (CD)
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name, role. Album Name. Other relevant information. Composer/Performer Full Name, Recorded Date. Catalogue number, Release Year, format. |
| Bibliography entry |
Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc. |
Online music video
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name. “Song Title.” Posted Month Day, Year. Video, Duration. URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Sheppard. “Geronimo.” Posted August 1, 2014. Video, 4:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw. |
Footnotes
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # Performer First Name Last Name, Performance Title, Additional credit information, Performance Location, Month Day, Year, Recording Format. |
| Full note |
1 Private Lives, by Noel Coward, directed by Sam Strong, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD. 2 Nice Work If You Can Get It, by Joe DiPietro, music by George and Ira Gershwin, directed by Annette Zol, Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society, Broadford Shire Hall, June 10, 2016, compact disc. 3 Glenda Harris (violin) and Kurt Hegelmann (piano), Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc. 4 Jerry Seinfeld, I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998 (Los Angeles: Universal, 1998), compact disc. |
| Subsequent note | 5 Private Lives.
6 Nice Work. 7 Harris and Hegelmann. 8 Seinfeld, I’m Telling You. |
Bibliography
| Reference format | Example |
| Template | Title. By First Name Last Name. Directed by First Name Last Name. Performance group. Venue, recording date, format. |
| Bibliography entry |
Harris, Glenda (violin), and Kurt Hegelmann (piano). Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc. Nice Work If You Can Get It. By Joe DiPietro. Music by George and Ira Gershwin. Directed by Annette Zol. Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society. Shire Hall, Broadford, June 10, 2016, compact disc. Private Lives. By Noel Coward. Directed by Sam Strong. Melbourne Theatre Company. Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD. Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded, Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998. Los Angeles: Universal, 1998, compact disc. |
Footnotes
- Live performances, unlike recordings, are not retrievable material.
- Specify the name and location of the venue and date of the performance.
- Include as much information as needed to identify the performance according to guidelines outlined in 161.
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # Performance Title, Additional Credits, Theatre, Location, Month Day, Year. |
| Full note | 1 A Strange Loop, music and lyrics by Michael R. Jackson, dir. Stephen Brackett, chor. Raja Feather Kelly, Lyceum Theatre, New York, NY, September 20, 2022. |
| Subsequent note | 2 A Strange Loop. |
Bibliography
No bibliography entry required.
Footnotes
- Begin the entry with the speaker. Give the title of the speech in quotation marks (“ “), and place and date of the speech.
- If accessed in a print source, treat like a chapter in a book.
- If accessed online, add file type, and URL.
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name Last Name, “Speech Title” (speech, City, State/County, Month Day, Year), format, URL. |
| Full note |
1 Paul Keating, “The Redfern Address” (speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992), transcript, http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/. 2 John F. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner),” speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963, video, https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html. 3 Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963, MP3, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/, 00:01:03. |
| Subsequent note |
4 Keating, “Redfern Address.” 5 Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner.” 6 King, “I Have a Dream.” |
Bibliography
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Speaker’s Last Name, First Name(s). "Speech Title." Speech, City, State/Country, Month Day, Year. Format, duration, URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Keating, Paul. “The Redfern Address.” Speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992. Transcript. http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/extras/. Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963. Video, 8:28. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html. King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963. MP3 audio, 16:27. https://archive.org/details/MLKDream. |
Footnotes
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # Title, directed by First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), URL. |
| Full note | 1 Eat Drink Man Woman, directed by Ang Lee (Umbrella Entertainment, 1994), https://www.kanopy.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman. |
| Subsequent note | 2 Eat Drink Man Woman. |
Bibliography
- Include year film was made after the title.
- Include year published in database after publisher name.
- Only include an access date when there is no publication, posting, updated, or modified date.
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name, director. Title. Publisher, Year. Database name, Year. URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Lee, Ang, director. Eat Drink Man Woman. Umbrella Entertainment, 1994. Kanopy, 2016. www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman. |
Footnotes
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # Series Title, season #, episode #, “Episode Title,” directed by First Name, aired/accessed date, on Network/Streaming Service, URL. |
| Full note |
1 Aunty Donna’s Coffee Cafe, season 1, episode 1, “We Need Cool Customers,” directed by Max Miller, released March 12, 2023, on ABC iView, https://iview.abc.net.au/video/CO2203V001S00. 2 Gilmore Girls, season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety,” directed by Gail Mancuso, aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV. |
| Subsequent note |
3 Aunty Donna’s Coffee Café. 5 Gilmore Girls. |
Bibliography
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Series Title. Season #, episode #, “Episode Title.” Directed by First Name Last Name. Aired/Accessed date, on Network/Streaming Service. URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Aunty Donna’s Coffee Café. Season 1, episode 1, “We Need Cool Customers.” Directed by Max Miller. Released March 12, 2023, on ABC iView. https://iview.abc.net.au/video/CO2203V001S00. Gilmore Girls. Season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety.” Directed by Gail Mancuso. Aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV. |
Footnotes
- The 'creator' can be listed as the director, the producer, performer, writer, uploader etc. as the person primarily responsible for the content depending on which is most relevant to your discussion.
- Include any other relevant information about the content such as other contributors, the year and location of the performance/original event, and any other information to assist readers to locate the source.
- Access dates are not required unless there is no publication date.
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name Last Name, “Title,” additional information/contributors/description, posted Month, Day Year, Platform, Duration, URL. |
| Full note | 1 Bryce Ives, “What a Wonderful World, The Ballarat Arts Academy and The BallaRat Pack Orchestra,” posted September 26, 2017, YouTube, 5 min., 29 sec., https://youtu.be/3FkwaMGpnrg. |
| Subsequent note | 2 Ives, “What a Wonderful World.” |
Bibliography
Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included.
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name. “Title.” additional information/contributors/description, posted Month Day, Year. Platform, Duration. URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Ives, Bryce. “What a Wonderful World, The Ballarat Arts Academy and The BallaRat Pack Orchestra.” Posted September 26, 2017, Platform. 5 min., 29 sec. https://youtu.be/3FkwaMGpnrg. |
Footnotes
| Citation format | Example |
| Template | # First Name Last Name, role, Podcast Title, podcast, season #, episode #, “Episode Title,” Publisher/Distributor, Month Day, Year, URL. |
| Full note | 1 Mish Wittrup and Zachary Ruane, hosts, The Mish & Zach Podcast, podcast, episode 238, “Moulin Rouge! (2001) with Geraldine Hickey,” Grouse House, May 8, 2025, https://shows.acast.com/mishandzachsleguizamarama/episodes/moulin-rogue-2001-with-geraldine-hickey. |
| Subsequent note | 2 Wittrup and Ruane, “Mulin Rouge!” |
Bibliography
| Reference format | Example |
| Template |
Last Name, First Name, role. Podcast Title. Podcast. Season #, episode #. “Episode Title.” Additional credits. Month Day, Year. URL. |
| Bibliography entry |
Wittrup, Mish and Zachary Ruane, hosts. The Mish & Zach Podcast. Podcast. Episode 238. “Moulin Rouge! (2001) with Geraldine Hickey,” Grouse House, May 8, 2025, https://shows.acast.com/mishandzachsleguizamarama/episodes/moulin-rogue-2001-with-geraldine-hickey. |