Cite books in Chicago

Footnotes

• In the footnote, present the author's name as first name(s), last name. Give the title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon (:). Capitalise in headline style. 
• Enclose the publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note. 
• Add page numbers when referring to a specific page or page range.
• For subsequent notes only use the author last name, short form of the title, and page number referred to.
• A place of publication is no longer required in citations of books. 

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Salvino A. Salvaggio, Digital Transformation of Performing Arts: Trends in the Classical Music Industry (Routledge, 2025), 29.
Subsequent note	5 Salvaggio, Digital Transformation of Performing Arts, 59.

Bibliography

In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Salvaggio, Salvino A. Digital Transformation of Performing Arts : Trends in the Classical Music Industry. Routledge, 2025.

Footnotes

• Multiple authors are listed in the same order as they appear on the title page, which may not necessarily be alphabetical order.
• In the footnote, present the author's name as first name(s), last name. Give the title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon (:). Capitalise in headline style. 
• Enclose the publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note. 
• Add page numbers when referring to a specific page or page range 

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name, Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Alice Bell and Astrid Ensslin, Reading Digital Fiction: Narrative, Cognition, Mediality (Routledge, 2024), 23.
Subsequent note	5 Bell and Ensslin, Reading Digital Fiction, 59.

Bibliography

In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Bell, Alice, and Astrid Ensslin. Reading Digital Fiction: Narrative, Cognition, Mediality. Routledge, 2024.

Footnotes

• In the footnote, present the author's name as first name(s), last name. Give the title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon (:). Capitalise in headline style. 
• Enclose the publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note. 
• Add page numbers when referring to a specific page or page range.

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name et al., Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 David Fuller et al., The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine: Classical to Contemporary (Springer Nature, 2021), 23-4.
Subsequent note	5 Fuller et al., The Life of Breath in Literature, 59

Bibliography

• In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 
• Multiple authors are listed in the same order as they appear on the title page, which may not necessarily be alphabetical order.

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, and First Name Last Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Fuller, David, Corinne Saunders, and Jane Macnaughton. The Life of Breath in Literature, Culture and Medicine: Classical to Contemporary. Springer Nature, 2021.

Footnotes

• In the footnote, present the author's name as first name(s), last name. Give the title in full, including any subtitle separated by a colon (:). Capitalise in headline style. 
• Enclose the publisher, place and year in parentheses in the note. 
• Add page numbers when referring to a specific page or page range 

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name et al., Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Nicola Whiteing et al., Case Studies for Health, Research and Practice in Australia and New Zealand (Council of Australian University Librarians, 2023), 54.
Subsequent note	5 Whiteing et al., Case Studies for Health, 94.

Bibliography

• In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 
• Multiple authors are listed in the same order as they appear on the title page, which may not necessarily be alphabetical order.

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name, First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name et al., Book Title. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Whiteing, Nicola, Lucy Shinners, Nicole Graham, et al. Case Studies for Health, research and Practice in Australia and New Zealand. Council of Australian University Librarians, 2023.

Footnotes

If citing the collection, give the editor(s) in the author position, followed by ‘ed.’ (or ‘eds.’). Treat the remaining elements as for a basic book.

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, ed(s)., Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain, eds., Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019 (One World, 2021), xiv.
Subsequent note	5 Kendi and Blain, Four Hundred Souls, xx-xxi.

Bibliography

In the bibliography write the editor's name as last name, first name(s), followed by ‘ed.’ (or ‘eds.’).   

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name, ed(s). Title. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Kendi, Ibram X., and Keisha N. Blain, eds. Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019. One World, 2021.

Footnotes

• If citing a chapter from an edited collection, begin with the chapter author and title, followed by the title of the work, editor(s) and page reference to the passage being cited.
• The page range for a cited chapter in an edited book is no longer required in a bibliography or reference list entry.

Citation format	Example
Template	# Chapter Author First Name Last Name, “Chapter title,” in Book Title, ed. Editor First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Daithi Kearney, “Performing Local Music: Engaging with Regional Musical Identities through Higher Education and Research,” in Geography, Music, Space, ed. James Williams and Samuel Horlor (Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2020), 4.
Subsequent note	5 Kearney, “Performing Local Music,” 7.

Bibliography

• In the bibliography, write the author's name as name, first name(s). 
• The inclusive page numbers are no longer required in the bibliography in the Chicago 18th edition.

Reference format	Example
Template	Chapter Author Last Name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor First Name Last Name. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Kearney, Daithi. “Performing Local Music: Engaging with Regional Musical Identities through Higher Education and Research.” In Geography, Music, Space, edited by James Williams and Samuel Horlor. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2020.

Footnotes

• Add edition description after the title (abbreviate to ‘ed.’).
• Revised editions (with no edition number) are abbreviated as 'rev.ed.'
• Edition information is not given for first editions. If no edition statement is shown, assume it is the first.

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Book Title, # ed. (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Amy Einsohn and Marilyn Schwartz, The Copyeditor’s Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications, 4th ed. (University of California Press, 2019), 401-2.
Subsequent note	5 Einsohn and Schwartz, The Copyeditor’s Handbook, 406.

Bibliography

In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Book Title. # ed. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Einsohn, Amy, and Marilyn Schwartz. The Copyeditor’s Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications. 4th ed. University of California Press, 2019.

Footnotes

• If a book is consulted online, add the DOI or URL.
• If a DOI or suitable URL is not available for an ebook accessed via a commercial subscription database, add the database name (e.g. EBSCO) in place of the URL or DOI.
• If downloaded as a dedicated ebook, add e-reader format. No access date or URL is needed.
• If pages are not static, give the relevant heading or chapter or other numbered division as the location reference.

Accessed online

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Book Title (Publisher, Year), Page(s), DOI/URL.
Full note	1 Samhita Sunya, Sirens of Modernity: World Cinema via Bombay (University of California Press, 2022), 166-67, https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.130.
Subsequent note	5 Sunya, Sirens of Modernity, 201.

Downloaded as an ebook

If downloaded as a dedicated ebook, add e-reader format. No access date or URL is needed.

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Title (Publisher, Year), e-reader format.
Full note	1 Michelle Obama, Becoming (Crown, 2018), Kindle.
Subsequent note	5 Obama, Becoming.

Bibliography

In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 

Accessed online

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. DOI/URL
Bibliography entry	Sunya, Samhita. Sirens of Modernity: World Cinema via Bombay. University of California Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.130.

Downloaded as an ebook

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. e-reader format.
Bibliography entry	Obama, Michelle. Becoming. Crown, 2018. Kindle.

Footnotes

• If the cited volume has its own title, the volume number appears after the title of the whole work, followed by a comma, then the title of the volume in italics. This applies to both the full note and the bibliography.
• The volume number is always written in Arabic numerals.
• If volumes have been published in different years, include only the date of the volume being cited.

Untitled volume

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Title of Whole Work (Publisher, Year), Vol #:Page(s).
Full note	1 Muriel St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (University of Chicago Press, 1981), 4:243.
Subsequent note	5 Byrne, Lisle Letters, 4:245.

Volume with a separate title

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, Title of Whole Work (Publisher, Year), Vol #, Title of Volume, (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Clayborne Carson, and Tenisha Armstrong eds., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Vol 7, To Save the Soul of America, January 1961-August 1962, edited by Tenisha Armstrong (University of California Press, 2014), 21.
Subsequent note	5 Carson and Armstrong, Papers of Martin Luther King, 7:25.

Bibliography

In the bibliography, write the author's name as last name, first name(s). 

Untitled volume

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Title. Vol. #. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed., The Lisle Letters. Vol. 4. University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Volume with a separate title

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. Title of whole work. Vol. #, Title of Volume. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Carson, Clayborne, and Tenisha Armstrong eds. The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Vol.7, To Save the Soul of America, January 1961-August 1962, . University of California Press, 2014.

Footnotes

Name the translator after the title, preceded by ‘trans.’

Citation format	Example
Template	# Author First Name Last Name, Book Title, trans. Translator First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), Page(s).
Full note	1 Liu Xinwu, The Wedding Party, trans. Jeremy Tiang (Amazon Crossing, 2021), 20.
Subsequent note	5 Xinwu, The Wedding Party. 23

Bibliography

Name the translator after the title, preceded by ‘Translated by.’

Reference format	Example
Template	Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Translated by Translator First Name Last Name. Publisher, Year.
Bibliography entry	Liu Xinwu. The Wedding Party. Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.

Ask your teacher or lecturer for guidelines on using Wikipedia as a reference source.

The distinction between a well-known and specialised encyclopaedia entry is not always clear. If the encyclopaedia focuses on a specific subject, includes in-depth entries, and credits scholarly authors, it is usually best to treat it as a specialised source.

Footnotes

Well-known encyclopaedia entry (Print)

Citation format	Example
Template	# Encyclopaedia Name, # ed. (Year), under “encyclopaedia entry.”
Full note	1 Encyclopaedia Britanniaca, 15th ed. (1980), under “salvation.”
Subsequent note	5 Encyclopaedia Britannica (1980), “salvation.”

Well-known encyclopaedia entry (Online)

Citation format	Example
Template	# Encyclopaedia Name, “Encyclopaedia Entry,” last updated Month Day, Year, URL.
Full note	1 Britannica, “William Shakespeare,” last updated April 19, 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare.
Subsequent note	5 Britannica, “William Shakespeare.”

Specialised encyclopaedia entry

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name Last Name, “Encyclopaedia Entry,” in Encyclopaedia Title (Publisher), published Month Day, Year; last modified Month Day, Year [if known], URL.
Full note	1 Dismas Masolo, “African Sage Philosophy,” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Stanford University, 1997-), published February 14, 2006; last modified February 22, 2016, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/.
Subsequent note	5 Masolo, “African Sage Philosophy.”

Bibliography

Well-known encyclopaedia entries are not required to be included in a bibliography. Ask your teacher or lecturer for advice before including it in your bibliography.

Specialised or less well-known reference works should be included in the bibliography with their full publication details.

  Specialised encyclopaedia entry  

Reference format	Example
Template	Last Name, First Name. “Encyclopaedia Entry Tame.” In Encyclopaedia Title. Publisher. Article published Month Day, Year; last modified Month Day, Year [if known]. URL.
Bibliography entry	Masolo, Dismas. “African Sage Philosophy.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Standford University, 1997-. Article published February 14, 2006; last modified February 22, 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/african-sage/.