Cite sound and video in APA 7

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons, 2011).
Direct quote	"The history of the Kokoda track can be traced back to …" (FitzSimons, 2011, 4:50).

Reference list

• Treat author, year, and title as for the basic book.
• Add the narrator’s name in round brackets with the given name initial first, then the family name followed by Narr. Add audiobook in square brackets.
• Give the name of the publisher.
• If accessed online, give the DOI, if there is one, or the URL.
• If the audiobook was released in a different year than the original publication date, add in round brackets the year the original work was published.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year). Title (Narrator.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. DOI/URL
Reference list entry	FitzSimons, P. (2011). Kokoda (L. FitzGerald, Narr.) [Audiobook]. ABC Audio. Dickens, C. (2013). Oliver Twist (S. Vance, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Tantor.  http://www.audible.com (Original work published 1837-1839)

In-text citations

• Give the full date the podcast was produced or uploaded, not just the year.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen, 2013). Cohen (2013) comments that the supermarket war has led to many casualties ...
Direct quote	Cohen (2013, 3:29) stated that due to the recent "supermarket war many small farmers … ".

Reference list

Podcast

• Give the host’s name, role and dates the podcast has aired
• Specify the type of podcast (audio or video) in square brackets.
• If the URL is unknown as the podcast was accessed through an app, omit the URL.

Reference format	Example
Template	Host’s name. (Host). (Date range). Title: Subtitle [Audio/Video podcast]. Publisher (if available). URL
Reference list entry	Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015–present).  Hidden brain [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain

Podcast episode

• Give the host’s name, role, and exact date produced/uploaded.
• Give the title of the episode (no italics) followed by the episode number (if there is one) and the form in square brackets, followed by the title of the whole podcast/program in italics.
• Give the production company and the URL of the item.
• Use ‘Available from’ is accessible only via purchase or paid subscription.

Reference format	Example
Template	Host’s name. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Audio/Video podcast episode]. In Program title. Production company. DOI/URL
Reference list entry	Cohen, H. (Host). (2013, December 29). Casualties in the supermarket war (No. 442) [Audio podcast episode]. In Background briefing. ABC Radio National.  http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/2013-03-24/4582278

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ...
Direct quote	"Won't let the big bag world get you no way" (Sebastian, 2012, 0:59).

Reference list

Single track: Modern music

Reference format	Example
Template	Recording artist. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Label.
Reference list entry	Sinatra, F. (1958). Autumn in New York [Song]. On Come fly with me. Capitol. Sebastian, G. (2012). Big bad world [Song]. On Armageddon. Sony Music.

Single track: Classical music

• Give the name of the recording artist or composer and the year of recording.
• Give the title of the song followed by Song in square brackets.
• If it is classical music, after the song title, in square brackets add ‘Song recorded by’ then the recording artist’s name.
• Give the album title in italics preceded by ‘On’.
• Give the name of the recording label.
• For classical music, add original publication year in brackets.

Reference format	Example
Template	Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of song [Song recorded by Artist]. On Title of album. Label. (Original work published Year)
Reference list entry	Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Album: Modern music

Reference format	Example
Template	Recording artist. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Label.
Reference list entry	Perry, K. (2013). Prism [Album]. Capitol.

Album: Classical music

• Give the name of the recording artist or composer and the year of recording.
• Give the title of the album in italics, followed by ‘Album’ in square brackets. For classical music, add ‘recorded by’ and the artist’s name after the word album.
• Give the name of the recording label.
• For classical music, add original publication year in brackets.

Reference format	Example
Template	Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of album [Album recorded by Artist]. Label. (Original work published Year)
Reference list entry	Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)

In-text citations

• Use the speaker’s name for the author and the exact date of the speech.
• Follow the same rules as for paraphrasing, but additionally place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase … (King, 1963).
Reference list entry	"Ich bin ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner) is a speech made by John F. Kennedy in 1963 where he declared … (Kennedy, 1963, 2:41).

Reference list

Speech

Reference format	Example
Template	Speaker. (Year, Month Day). Title of speech [Speech audio recording]. Publisher. URL
Reference list entry	King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm

Interview

• Use the speaker's or interviewee’s name for the author and the exact date of the recording.
• Give the exact date of the speech or interview.
• If there is no title, write a description in square brackets. Give the form in square brackets where needed.

Reference format	Example
Template	Interviewee. (Year, Month Day). Title of speech [Speech audio recording]. Publisher. URL
Reference list entry	Gleeson, J. (1979, November 29). Lenton Parr interview: James Gleeson oral history collection [Interview audio recording]. NGA. https://nga.gov.au/on-demand/lenton-parr-interview/

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	According to the latest research . . . (Cutts, 2017). Cutts (2017) presents an interesting ...
Direct quote	"To be truly happy…" (Cutts, 2017, 00:13).

Reference list

• Use the person or organisation who uploaded the video as the author. Include the screen username in square brackets if different from the author’s real name.
• Give the full date the video was uploaded.
• Add the title in italics and the format in square brackets.
• Give the website name you accessed the video from and the full URL.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Website. URL
Reference list entry	Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542 Badawi, Z. (Director). (2019, December 21). Meet the maestro: Leo Nucci [Video]. Informit EduTV. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/edutv.4493898 People & Power. (2023, October 5). AI and democracy [Video]. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/program/people-power/2023/10/5/ai-and-democracy-1

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when … (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002). Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues…
Direct quote	"Loralai, how is your anxiety today?" (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002, 09.25).

Reference list

TV series

• Use the executive producer as the author.
• Give the year range the series was broadcast for the date. If the series is still airing, use ‘present’ for the second year.
• Give series title (italics) and form in square brackets.
• Give the production company name.

Reference format	Example
Template	Executive producer’s name/s (Executive Producer). (Year range). Series Title [Form].  Production/Distribution Company.
Reference list entry	Gilligan, V. (Executive Producer). (2008-2013). Breaking bad [TV series]. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

TV series episode or webisode

• Give names of the episode’s director and writer and their roles, and the exact date the episode was the first broadcast.
• Give the episode title (no italics) including the episode and series number in brackets.
• Give the executive producer's names and roles, then the series title in italics
• Give the production company.

Reference format	Example
Template	Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company.
Reference list entry	Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mancuso, G. (Director). (2002, April 21). Application anxiety (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone (Executive Producers), Gilmore girls. Warner Bros. Television.

Online video

Follow the same format as for a TV episode, but add the site URL where you accessed the item.

Reference format	Example
Template	Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company. URL.
Reference list entry	Zemiro, J. (Host), & Whelan, D. (Director). (2023, October 12). Bondi Beach (Series 1, Episode 10) [TV series episode]. In D. Goldberg (Producer), Great Australian Walks with Julia Zemiro. SBS. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/EDUTV.13264451

In-text citations

• Use the name of the director as the author.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, 1985). Zemeckis (1985) directed …
Direct quote	"Wait a minute, Doc. Are you telling me that you built a time machine… out of a DeLorean?" (Zemeckis, 1985, 10:06).

Reference list

• Give the name of the director and their role.
• Give the title in italics. Add film in square brackets (no italics). If needed, add more details to the word film after a semi-colon e.g. [Film; educational DVD].
• Give the name of the studio.
• However you accessed the film, reference it as above. There is no need to include a URL even if you watched the film online.

Reference format	Example
Template	Director. (Role). (Year). Title [Film]. Studio.
Reference list entry	Zemeckis, R. (Director). (1985). Back to the future [Film]. Universal Pictures.

In-text citations

• Use the game developer as the author.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the year.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Fallout: New Vegas (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010) is a great new video game that features ...
Direct quote	Ulysses cried out: “Who are you, that you do not know your history?” (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010).

Reference list

• Give the game developer as the author.
• Give title (italics), then the description in square brackets (no italics).
• Give the name of publisher, and URL if accessed online.

Reference format	Example
Template	Developer. (Year). Title [Video game]. Publisher. URL
Reference list entry	Obsidian Entertainment. (2010). Fallout: New Vegas [Video game]. Bethesda Softworks.

In-text citations

This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Gathering the necessary supplies is the first step when giving a patient a bed bath (Open RN Project, 2023) In the RN Project (2023) video the instructor greeted the patient before commencing...
Direct quote	"Good morning Lee, I'm Myra and I'm your CNA for today." (Open RN Project, 2023, 00:34).

Reference list

• The person or group who uploaded the video is used as the author, even if they did not create the work. Give their real name if available. Add their screen name (if there is one) in square brackets, or just their screen name if their real name is unknown.
• Give the exact date of the post.
• Add the form in square brackets to the title.
• Give the full URL of the post. If the item is archived, give the archived version URL (click the post’s date stamp).

Reference format	Example
Template	Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Website name. URL
Reference list entry	MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA Open RN Project. (2023, January 15). Full bed bath [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5GYMOvjjtk

In-text citations

Use the speaker's name in the context of your sentence if necessary.

Watched on the TED website

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy.
Direct quote	"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (Palmer, 2013, 1:19).

Watched on YouTube

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).
Direct quote	"So I had the most profound encounters ..." (TED, 2013, 1:19).

Reference list

In the reference list you need to cite where you watched the Ted Talk, see examples below.

Watched on the TED website

Reference format	Example
Template	Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL
Reference list entry	Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking

Watched on YouTube

The author's name is 'TED' in this case because the TED organisation posted the video to YouTube.

YouTube shows the date that the video was posted as March 1, 2013, so that's the date to use in this reference.

Reference format	Example
Template	TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL
Reference list entry	TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g