Cite media sources and opinion pieces in APA 7

In-text citations

• When paraphrasing, include the author(s) last name and year of publication in brackets.
• If you mention the author(s) last name in the text, include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the last name.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper, preceded by 'p.' or 'pp.'. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015). Evans (2015) states that . . .
Direct quote	Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Reference list

• Italicise the title of the newspaper, but don't italicise the article title.
• Include the day, month and year.
• Give the page range of the article if page numbers are shown. Do not use ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ in the reference list.
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, for example, 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• Include the DOI if there is one. If there is no DOI, omit the URL for newspaper articles accessed from a database.
• If the newspaper article has no author, follow the 'No author' instructions.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL
Reference list entry	Evans, K. (2015, January 05). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age, 11.

In-text citations

• When paraphrasing, include the author(s) last name and the year of publication in round brackets. 
• If you mention the author(s) last name in the text, include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the last name.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper, preceded by 'p.' or 'pp.'. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	A recent letter to the editor comments on Starbucks … (Rosen, 2014). Craig (1968) reports that Mrs Holt’s sorrow has been shared by …
Direct quote	"Starbucks latest advertising campaign has …" (Rosen, 2014, para. 7).

Reference list

Online replica of a print edition

• Italicise the title of the newspaper, not the title of the article.
• If the article is a digitised replica of a print edition, give the publication date of the print edition and include the page numbers. Do not add 'p.' or 'pp.' before the page number/s in the reference list.
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, e.g. 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• If the article comes from a particular newspaper section (e.g. Letter to the Editor), add that information in square brackets after the title.
• If the newspaper article has no author, see the 'Newspaper article with no author' instructions.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, Page number. DOI or URL
Reference list entry	Craig, B. (1968, January 10). Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 2–3. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185

Online edition

• Italicise the title of the newspaper, not the title of the article.
• If the article is a digitised replica of a print edition, give the publication date of the print edition and include the page numbers. Do not add 'p.' or 'pp.' before the page number/s in the reference list.
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, e.g. 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12. If there are no page numbers, do not include this in the reference. 
• Include the year, month, and day, as well as the URL. If there is a DOI, use the DOI instead of the URL.
• If the article comes from a particular newspaper section (e.g. Letter to the Editor), add that information in square brackets after the title.
• If the newspaper article has no author, see the 'Newspaper article with no author' instructions.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year/Date). Article title [Form]. Newspaper/Magazine Name, Page number. URL
Reference list entry	Rosen, L. (2014, January 22). Occupy Starbucks [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times, 6. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html

Online article (webpage) on a news website

• Italicise the title of the article, not the name of the website or media outlet.
• Online articles often do not have page numbers, so you can leave that out of your reference.
• Include the year, month, and day, as well as the URL. If there is a DOI, use the DOI instead of the URL.
• If the article comes from a particular newspaper section (e.g. Letter to the Editor), add that information in square brackets after the title.
• If the newspaper article has no author, see the 'Newspaper article with no author' instructions.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name. URL
Reference list entry	Avramove, N. (2019, January 3). The secret to a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-long-life-intl/index.html

In-text citations

• When paraphrasing, include the author(s) last name and the year of publication in round brackets. 
• If you mention the author(s) last name in the text, include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the last name.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper, preceded by 'p.' or 'pp.'. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Kennedy's assassination has … (Hunt, 1963). Hunt (1963) describes how the assassination of President Kennedy has rocked the world …
Direct quote	"The world mourns the loss of President Kennedy who was shot …" (Hunt, 1963, p. 1).

Reference list

• Italicise the title of the newspaper, not the title of the article.
• Include the year, month and day.
• Do not add p. or pp. before the page number(s) in the reference list.
• Articles that are spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, e.g. 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.
• If the newspaper article has no author, see the 'Newspaper article with no author' instructions.

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL
Reference list entry	Hunt, J. (1963, November 22). Assassin kills Kennedy. The Chicago Tribune ,  1, 4–6.

In-text citations

• If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in headline case (e.g. capitalise the first letter of every major word in a title) in double quotation marks (" ") followed by the year in round brackets.
• Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper, preceded by 'p.' or 'pp.'. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	An increase in education spending . . . ("Budget to Link," 2016).
Direct quote	"An additional $118 million to support disabled children in schools over two years will be a modest boost in an important area of student assistance where many schools are struggling" ("Budget to Link," 2016, p. 23).

Reference list

• Place the title of the article in the author position
• Italicise the title of the newspaper, not the title of the article.
• Include the year, month and day.
• If the page numbers are spread over nonconsecutive pages, do not add 'p.' or 'pp.' before the page number(s) in the reference list.
• Articles spread over several nonconsecutive pages can be expressed using commas and dashes, e.g. 5-6, 8 or 1, 9-10, 12.

Reference format	Example
Template	Article title. (Year/Date). Newspaper/Magazine Name, page number. DOI or URL
Reference list entry	Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 02). The Australian, 23.

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and the paragraph number(s).

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Resuming flights after the COVID 19 shutdown was extremely challenging … (Qantas, 2023). Qantas (2023) acknowledged …
Direct quote	"While we restarted safely, we got many other things wrong and, for that, we have sincerely apologised. … " (Qantas, 2023, para. 2).

Reference list

Reference format	Example
Template	Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Description]. Publisher. URL
Reference list entry	Qantas. (2023, October 30). Qantas update on ACCC claims [Media release]. https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-update-on-accc-claims/

In-text citations

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s).

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	Baz Luhrmann's movie Australia has attracted large audiences … (Schembri, 2008). Schembri (2008) states that the motion picture Australia has ...
Direct quote	Croggon (2014) commented that "Private Lives is a play that resonates with many audiences because ..".

Reference list

• Give the author and date of the review.
• Give the title of the review followed by a description in square brackets. Italicise the title of the work being reviewed. If the review has no title, provide a description in square brackets.
• Where the work being reviewed is a book, omit the author’s role after their name.
• Where the work being reviewed is a live performance, e.g. a play, you may include the location and year of the performance to enable the reader to identify the production.
• Format remaining parts according to the publication type, e.g. newspaper article, online post, etc.

Film review (print newspaper)

Reference format	Example
Template	Reviewer. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the film/ book etc Title of work reviewed, by name of principal contributor, role]. Name of Publication. URL
Reference list entry	Schembri, J. (2008, November 10). [Review of the motion picture Australia, by B. Luhrmann, Dir.]. The Age, p. 8.

Theatre review (online)

Reference format	Example
Template	Reviewer. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the film/ book etc Title of work reviewed, by name of principal contributor, role]. Name of Publication. URL
Reference list entry	Croggon, A. (2014, January 31). [Review of the play Private lives, by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014]. The Guardian Australia. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/jan/31/private-lives-melbourne-theatre-company-review