Skip to main

Bibliography example

See how to format an Chicago Note 18 bibliography. Follow citation order, layout, and style rules to present sources correctly in your academic work.

Key elements of a bibliography

  • Begin the list with the heading ‘Bibliography’ centred, on a new page at the end of your work.
  • Use double line-spacing and a hanging indent (approx. 1.27 cm or 0.5 inch).
  • If a DOI or URL needs to be broken across a line, break either after a colon or double slash or before a single slash or punctuation mark.

What to include in the bibliography

Unless advised otherwise by your teacher or lecturer:

  • Include an entry for every source you have cited in a footnote.
  • Do not include entries for sources you have not cited, however relevant.

How to arrange the entries

  • Alphabetise entries by author’s last name (which begins the entry).
  • List entries with no author by title. (Ignore ‘A’ or ‘An’ or ‘The’ as first words.)
  • If you have more than one entry with the same author, list alphabetically by title under the author’s name.
References will be formatted slightly differently depending on the source type.

Bibliography

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

Cacchione, Orianna. Zhang Peili: Record. Repeat. Art Institute of Chicago, 2017. Distributed by Yale University Press. Exhibition catalog.

Garner, Bryan A. Garner’s Modern English Usage. 5th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022.

Germano, William. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog). Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017. https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

Google. Response to “How many copyeditors does it take to fix a book-length manuscript?” Gemini 1.0, February 10, 2024. https://g.co/gemini/share/cccc26abdc19.

Hasenöhrl, Ute, and Patrick Kupper, eds. “Historicizing Renewables.” Special issue, History and Technology 37, no. 4 (2021).

Lin, Summer and Jessica Garrison, “California’s Heat Wave Fueling Destructive Fires: The Worst Is Yet to Come, Officials Fear,” Los Angeles Times, September 9, 2022.

Microsoft Corporation. “Microsoft Privacy Statement.” Updated February 2023. https://privacy.microsoft.com/en-us/privacystatement.

O, Karen [Karen Lee Orzolek]. “Karen O Has Found a More Joyful Kind of Wildness.” Interview by Jia Tolentino. New Yorker, September 11, 2022. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/karen-o-has-found-a-more-joyful-kind-of-wildness.

Picasso, Pablo. Bull’s Head. Spring 1942. Bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 × 43.5 × 19 cm. Musée Picasso Paris.

Polley, Scott, Josh Ambrosy, Lucas Bester, et al. “What additional skills and knowledge Do Australian university graduates gain when learning to lead bushwalking by engaging with the National Outdoor Education Threshold Concepts?” Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42322-025-00207-6.

Rovio Entertainment. Angry Birds Transformers. V. 2.24.0. Released June 28, 2023. Android 4.4 or later.

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Rev. ed. Edited by Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor. Arden Shakespeare, 3rd ser. Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare, 2016.

Sunya, Samhita. Sirens of Modernity: World Cinema via Bombay. University of California Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.130.

Thorne, Jack, J. K. Rowling, and John Tiffany. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Parts One and Two. Special rehearsal ed. Little, Brown, 2016.

Tommasini, Anthony. Review of recital by Zhu Wang (piano), Zankel Hall, New York. New York Times, November 12, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/12/arts/music/young-concert-artists-zhu-wang.html.