Footnotes and in-text citations

When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online). Chicago Note 18 uses a footnote system within the text to acknowledge a source, consisting of two parts:

• a superscript number (small number) within the text at the end of a sentence after the punctuation (e.g., full stops, brackets and commas)

• A corresponding superscript number at the bottom of the page with details of the source.

Citation format	Example
In-text	…correct grammar is essential.3 ...“I’m born ready.”4 ...as a painter (fig. 3).5
Footnote	3 William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 41–50.

In-text citations and superscript numbers

An in-text citation is required in the body of work whenever a source is used. Insert a superscript number (small number) within the text at the end of a sentence.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing an author’s ideas in your own words.

Citation format	Example
Paraphrase	…travelling through Italy, India and Indonesia.1

Direct quotes

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks (" ") and provide the page number(s) in the note.

Citation format	Example
Direct quote	"…as I travelled through Italy ."5

Footnotes

A basic Chicago footnote is made of the following elements:

^# First Name(s) Last Name, Title (Publisher information, Year), page number.  

Formatting your footnote

• Use the author’s full name in standard order, i.e. first names followed by last name.
• Set titles of larger works (e.g. books and journals) in italics and capitalise in headline style (that means capitalising all major words, e.g. James and the Giant Peach).
• Enclose titles of smaller works (e.g. chapters, articles), parts of works, or unpublished sources in double quotation marks without italics.
• Enclose publication details in parentheses (round brackets). Place of publication is no longer needed.
• Add the page number(s) or range (or figure or table number) when quoting from or referring to a specific part of the source. Use of ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’ before the page number is not necessary. If the source shows no page numbers, give paragraph number/s or closest heading.
• Separate the elements with a comma and end the note with a full stop.
• Use abbreviations such as ‘ed.’ or ‘eds.’ (for editor/edited by), ‘trans.’ (translator/translated by), ‘vol.’ (volume), ed. (edition), ‘pt.’ (part) and rev. (revised, revised by, revision and review). For more information, see Scholarly abbreviations (10.48)

Citation format	Example
Template	# First Name(s) Last Name, Title (Publisher information, Year), page number.
Footnote	"…as I travelled through Italy ."5

Subsequent (repeated) notes 

If a citation is repeated, shorten the note as follows.

• Give author’s last name only (add first name or initial/s to differentiate if citing authors with the same last name) and omit any abbreviations (e.g., ed. or trans.) used in the full reference. Use the accepted abbreviation for organisation names and include the abbreviation in the first mention.
• Shorten titles of over four words by omitting ‘A’ or ‘The’ and selecting key words. Preserve the same word order and format (italics or quotations marks) as in the full title.

Citation format	Example
Footnote	2 Edgerson, Drama Therapy, 19. 3 Garner, Garner’s Modern English Usage, 98.

How to insert a footnote in Microsoft Word

1. Place your cursor where you want your footnote reference number to appear.
2. Go to the References tab at the top of your screen.
3. In the Footnotes group, click Insert Footnote.
4. A reference number will be inserted in your text and a footnote will be added to the bottom of your page where you can add your citation information.

In-text citations with multiple authors

Author format	Instructions	Example
One author	List the author’s last name.	...as Hoffman argues in their work.1
Two authors	List both authors and separate by ‘and’...	...in a recent study by Guerrero and Springer on film and cinema.2
Three or more authors	List the author and use ‘et al.’	...Kirk et al. stated in  their study.3